Naive Realism
Naive realism is not truly a philosophical position but is the simple view that the world is as we see it and that we perceive objects directly. Descartes criticises this approach in his first wave of doubt, the argument from illusion, in which he gives the examples of statues that look smaller in the distance to illustrate the problem of perspective. Clearly, we are not seeing things exactly are they are here. Berkeley makes a similar point about clouds, stating that the colour of clouds will vary according to the light and the true shade cannot even be found with a microscope.
The latter also objected that if I put my hand into a bucket of lukewarm water my sensation will differ depending on my body temperature. If I am freezing cold the water will appear warm but if I am very hot it will seem much cooler. It seems that the observer plays a part in what is observed and does not just passively perceive something from the real world.
See Also
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